Roman Empire
From a small city-state to an empire spanning three continents, Rome shaped law, language, architecture, and the Christian world.
Key Facts
Roman law and governance
Latin language
Roman roads and engineering
Key Events
Roman Republic Founded
After overthrowing the last king, Rome establishes a republican government with elected consuls and the Senate.
Hannibal Crosses the Alps
Carthaginian general Hannibal leads war elephants across the Alps into Italy — one of the greatest military feats in history. Rome nearly falls but ultimately defeats Carthage.
Caesar Crosses the Rubicon
Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon river with his army, an illegal act that begins the Roman Civil War.
Assassination of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar is assassinated on the Ides of March by a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius.
Roman Empire Founded
Octavian becomes Augustus, the first Roman Emperor, marking the end of the Roman Republic and start of the Empire.
Birth of Jesus Christ
The birth of Jesus of Nazareth in Bethlehem, whose teachings would form the basis of Christianity.
Destruction of Jerusalem Temple
Roman legions destroy the Second Temple in Jerusalem, ending the Jewish revolt. The Western Wall remains. This event disperses the Jewish people across the Roman Empire.
Roman Empire at Greatest Extent
Under Emperor Trajan, the Roman Empire reaches its maximum territorial extent — controlling the entire Mediterranean, Britain, and extending to the Persian Gulf.